However, PZT transducers contain lead which make these devices non-bio-compatible 11 and requires extra packaging for implanting as part of an IMD. Good performance in terms of data rate and penetration of the acoustic waves into the body was shown. ![]() The first demonstration of intrabody communication utilizing ultrasound technology was performed with bulk piezoelectric transducers based on Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT) 10. The reason being that ultrasonic waves are mechanical in nature and therefore propagate with lower attenuation in human tissue at the frequencies of interest, around 1 MHz. Ultrasonic technology has emerged as a viable candidate for implementing intrabody communication, given the wide variety of implantation depths IMDs require 9. This is achieved by creating innovative technologies for intrabody communication links 5, 6, 7 that allow wireless communication between implanted and non-implanted devices, and at the same time keep the patient safe by complying with the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulations 8. The goal of this work is to bridge the communication technology gap between the IMDs and the final beneficiaries of the data-the patients and the doctors. However, the transmission of this data from within the body to the external world is challenging. These devices also offer site-specific stimulation capabilities for treatment purposes. Implantable Medical Devices (IMDs) 4 are a second category of IoMT devices than can provide data that is more specific to certain organs and parts of the body given their closer proximity to the site of interest due to implantation. Wearable devices such as smartwatches and wrist bands 2 are examples of commercially available devices that provide a diverse collection of health information (heart rate, exercise, sleep patterns, etc.) and can easily connect to the internet 3. The Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) has been the subject of wide research aimed at creating networks of medical devices that continuously acquire medical data from patients and make it available to both the user and healthcare providers 1.
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